Linear mixed effects models were used to examine change in HbA1c, problem areas in diabetes (PAID) survey scores, and hypoglycemia fear survey scores over time. Participants without at least 10% automode (AM) use at their first and second visits (T1 and T2) were excluded.
For HbA1c and PAID pediatric (PAID-PEDS) scores, five models were compared using Aikaike’s Information Criterion to select the best model:
For both HbA1c and PAID-PEDS score, the random intercept model with adjustment for baseline was the best model, so the same approach was used for the HFS survey scores.
| Value | Std.Error | DF | t-value | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (Intercept) | 1.5548537 | 0.2568069 | 123 | 6.054563 | 0.0000000 |
| tpointM1 | -0.5800186 | 0.1428600 | 123 | -4.060048 | 0.0000867 |
| tpointT1 | -0.5213246 | 0.0989040 | 123 | -5.271014 | 0.0000006 |
| tpointT2 | -0.3622541 | 0.1159793 | 123 | -3.123438 | 0.0022293 |
| baseline_a1c | 0.8240051 | 0.0282041 | 99 | 29.215747 | 0.0000000 |
| numDF | denDF | F-value | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| (Intercept) | 1 | 123 | 37279.15938 | 0 |
| tpoint | 3 | 123 | 42.06875 | 0 |
| baseline_a1c | 1 | 99 | 853.55986 | 0 |
| Value | Std.Error | DF | t-value | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (Intercept) | 5.3623723 | 2.1843390 | 86 | 2.454918 | 0.0161061 |
| tpointT1 | 4.0201890 | 2.1114417 | 67 | 1.904002 | 0.0612055 |
| tpointT2 | 0.7989866 | 2.3904863 | 67 | 0.334236 | 0.7392455 |
| baseline_cpaid | 0.8590728 | 0.0471021 | 86 | 18.238541 | 0.0000000 |
| numDF | denDF | F-value | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| (Intercept) | 1 | 86 | 1482.606752 | 0.0000000 |
| tpoint | 2 | 67 | 2.278222 | 0.1103501 |
| baseline_cpaid | 1 | 86 | 332.644362 | 0.0000000 |
| Value | Std.Error | DF | t-value | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (Intercept) | 1.5891767 | 2.3282372 | 10 | 0.6825665 | 0.5103825 |
| tpointT1 | -3.3315930 | 3.4353566 | 5 | -0.9697954 | 0.3766892 |
| tpointT2 | -7.2104674 | 3.8360872 | 5 | -1.8796412 | 0.1189315 |
| baseline_yapaid | 0.9237195 | 0.0756019 | 10 | 12.2182026 | 0.0000002 |
| numDF | denDF | F-value | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| (Intercept) | 1 | 10 | 178.857270 | 0.0000001 |
| tpoint | 2 | 5 | 3.350461 | 0.1193644 |
| baseline_yapaid | 1 | 10 | 149.284475 | 0.0000002 |
| Value | Std.Error | DF | t-value | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (Intercept) | 1.9851159 | 2.0742498 | 88 | 0.9570284 | 0.3411748 |
| tpointT1 | 0.6807232 | 1.4375491 | 72 | 0.4735304 | 0.6372675 |
| tpointT2 | 0.3961030 | 1.7666708 | 72 | 0.2242087 | 0.8232299 |
| baseline_ppaid | 0.9556595 | 0.0420899 | 88 | 22.7052207 | 0.0000000 |
| numDF | denDF | F-value | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| (Intercept) | 1 | 88 | 4448.4972615 | 0.0000000 |
| tpoint | 2 | 72 | 0.0491446 | 0.9520753 |
| baseline_ppaid | 1 | 88 | 515.5270485 | 0.0000000 |
| Value | Std.Error | DF | t-value | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (Intercept) | 0.7588570 | 0.2592075 | 85 | 2.927605 | 0.0043822 |
| tpointT1 | -0.3306081 | 0.2852693 | 64 | -1.158933 | 0.2507894 |
| tpointT2 | -0.6862952 | 0.3289391 | 64 | -2.086390 | 0.0409331 |
| baseline_cmaintain | 0.8086361 | 0.0500024 | 85 | 16.171935 | 0.0000000 |
| numDF | denDF | F-value | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| (Intercept) | 1 | 85 | 785.844575 | 0.0000000 |
| tpoint | 2 | 64 | 1.684996 | 0.1935671 |
| baseline_cmaintain | 1 | 85 | 261.531493 | 0.0000000 |
| Value | Std.Error | DF | t-value | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (Intercept) | 0.6080379 | 0.5223142 | 83 | 1.164123 | 0.2477096 |
| tpointT1 | 1.0091395 | 0.5114857 | 61 | 1.972957 | 0.0530366 |
| tpointT2 | -0.6467704 | 0.6011793 | 61 | -1.075836 | 0.2862373 |
| baseline_chelpless | 0.9320851 | 0.0479968 | 83 | 19.419717 | 0.0000000 |
| numDF | denDF | F-value | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| (Intercept) | 1 | 83 | 1439.728029 | 0.0000000 |
| tpoint | 2 | 61 | 2.801757 | 0.0685326 |
| baseline_chelpless | 1 | 83 | 377.125412 | 0.0000000 |
| Value | Std.Error | DF | t-value | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (Intercept) | 0.4372653 | 0.2660681 | 86 | 1.6434341 | 0.1039444 |
| tpointT1 | 0.1636337 | 0.3315250 | 66 | 0.4935788 | 0.6232422 |
| tpointT2 | -0.0823585 | 0.3708397 | 66 | -0.2220866 | 0.8249323 |
| baseline_cworry | 0.8922147 | 0.0461964 | 86 | 19.3135318 | 0.0000000 |
| numDF | denDF | F-value | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| (Intercept) | 1 | 86 | 718.9995221 | 0.000000 |
| tpoint | 2 | 66 | 0.6672471 | 0.516546 |
| baseline_cworry | 1 | 86 | 373.0125102 | 0.000000 |
| Value | Std.Error | DF | t-value | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (Intercept) | 3.9462714 | 2.158834 | 16 | 1.827965 | 0.0862621 |
| tpointT1 | -7.5424232 | 2.797023 | 13 | -2.696590 | 0.0183126 |
| tpointT2 | -4.5318317 | 3.195114 | 13 | -1.418363 | 0.1796105 |
| baseline_yabehavior | 0.6911614 | 0.114006 | 16 | 6.062498 | 0.0000165 |
| numDF | denDF | F-value | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| (Intercept) | 1 | 16 | 85.950478 | 0.0000001 |
| tpoint | 2 | 13 | 1.622625 | 0.2349147 |
| baseline_yabehavior | 1 | 16 | 36.753884 | 0.0000165 |
| Value | Std.Error | DF | t-value | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (Intercept) | 4.8450260 | 2.4190915 | 16 | 2.002829 | 0.0624393 |
| tpointT1 | -7.1799721 | 3.4722557 | 13 | -2.067812 | 0.0591632 |
| tpointT2 | -4.8826332 | 4.0095624 | 13 | -1.217747 | 0.2449621 |
| baseline_yaworry | 0.6619749 | 0.0945556 | 16 | 7.000907 | 0.0000030 |
| numDF | denDF | F-value | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| (Intercept) | 1 | 16 | 64.100689 | 0.0000005 |
| tpoint | 2 | 13 | 1.840381 | 0.1978010 |
| baseline_yaworry | 1 | 16 | 49.012701 | 0.0000030 |
| Value | Std.Error | DF | t-value | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (Intercept) | 9.305345 | 4.4341964 | 16 | 2.098542 | 0.0520854 |
| tpointT1 | -14.579047 | 5.9223115 | 13 | -2.461716 | 0.0285766 |
| tpointT2 | -9.336832 | 6.8197369 | 13 | -1.369090 | 0.1941616 |
| baseline_yatotal | 0.656770 | 0.1047593 | 16 | 6.269323 | 0.0000112 |
| numDF | denDF | F-value | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| (Intercept) | 1 | 16 | 81.883556 | 0.0000001 |
| tpoint | 2 | 13 | 1.943715 | 0.1825865 |
| baseline_yatotal | 1 | 16 | 39.304412 | 0.0000112 |
| Value | Std.Error | DF | t-value | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (Intercept) | 0.9453148 | 0.2400182 | 87 | 3.938513 | 0.0001649 |
| tpointT1 | -0.8129303 | 0.2285603 | 76 | -3.556743 | 0.0006504 |
| tpointT2 | -1.0875560 | 0.2755842 | 76 | -3.946365 | 0.0001756 |
| baseline_pmaintain | 0.8092222 | 0.0396487 | 87 | 20.409807 | 0.0000000 |
| numDF | denDF | F-value | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| (Intercept) | 1 | 87 | 1900.35318 | 0.00e+00 |
| tpoint | 2 | 76 | 13.38951 | 1.04e-05 |
| baseline_pmaintain | 1 | 87 | 416.56022 | 0.00e+00 |
| Value | Std.Error | DF | t-value | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (Intercept) | 4.5547249 | 1.1734158 | 88 | 3.881595 | 0.0002001 |
| tpointT1 | -0.9350061 | 0.9603182 | 77 | -0.973642 | 0.3332831 |
| tpointT2 | -1.5676472 | 1.1782036 | 77 | -1.330540 | 0.1872674 |
| baseline_phelpless | 0.7100953 | 0.0637917 | 88 | 11.131465 | 0.0000000 |
| numDF | denDF | F-value | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| (Intercept) | 1 | 88 | 993.577970 | 0.000000 |
| tpoint | 2 | 77 | 1.092661 | 0.340465 |
| baseline_phelpless | 1 | 88 | 123.909520 | 0.000000 |
| Value | Std.Error | DF | t-value | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (Intercept) | 0.5113294 | 0.2418905 | 87 | 2.1138883 | 0.0373872 |
| tpointT1 | -0.5098216 | 0.3000966 | 78 | -1.6988582 | 0.0933315 |
| tpointT2 | 0.1407073 | 0.3617574 | 78 | 0.3889549 | 0.6983693 |
| baseline_pworry | 0.8568921 | 0.0430542 | 87 | 19.9026199 | 0.0000000 |
| numDF | denDF | F-value | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| (Intercept) | 1 | 87 | 515.737842 | 0.0000000 |
| tpoint | 2 | 78 | 4.531658 | 0.0137441 |
| baseline_pworry | 1 | 87 | 396.114279 | 0.0000000 |